The origin of the complex character of the ohmic impedance

The local and global Ohmic response for an electrode exhibiting geometry-induced potential and/or current distributions has recently been shown to be represented by a frequency-dependent complex impedance. A physical explanation for this result is provided in terms of the radial contribution to local current density and the decrease in current density along the current lines. Experiments performed with Cu/Al and Mg/Al galvanic couples show that, in regions where a radial current density does not exist, the local Ohmic impedance is independent of position; whereas, in regions where the radial current density cannot be neglected, the local Ohmic impedance is a function of position. Simulations performed on recessed electrodes show that, even in the absence of a radial current, an axial variation of current density gives rise to a complex Ohmic impedance. The complex character of the Ohmic impedance shows that an equivalent circuit, using the usual two-terminal resistor to represent the Ohmic contribution of the electrolyte, provides an inadequate representation of an electrode with geometry-induced current and potential distributions

Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: A review and some recent developments

Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), which provides a powerful tool for exploration of electrode heterogeneity, has its roots in the development of electrochemical techniques employing scanning of microelectrodes. The historical development of local impedance spectroscopy measurements is reviewed, and guidelines are presented for implementation of LEIS. The factors which control the limiting spatial resolution of the technique are identified. The mathematical foundation for the technique is reviewed, including definitions of interfacial and local Ohmic impedances on both local and global scales. Experimental results for the reduction of ferricyanide show the correspondence between local and global impedances. Simulations for a single Faradaic reaction on a disk electrode embedded in an insulator are used to show that the Ohmic contribution, traditionally considered to be a real value, can have complex character in certain frequency ranges

Biophysical basis for convergent evolution of two veil-forming microbes

Microbes living in stagnant water typically rely on chemical diffusion to draw nutrients from their environment. The sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus and the ciliate Uronemella have independently evolved the ability to form a ‘veil’, a centimetre-scale mucous sheet on which cells organize to produce a macroscopic flow. This flow pulls nutrients through the community an order of magnitude faster than diffusion. To understand how natural selection led these microbes to evolve this collective behaviour, we connect the physical limitations acting on individual cells to the cell traits. We show how diffusion limitation and viscous dissipation have led individual T. majus and Uronemella cells to display two similar characteristics. Both of these cells exert a force of approximately 40 pN on the water and attach to boundaries by means of a mucous stalk. We show how the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water and the viscosity of water define the force the cells must exert. We then show how the hydrodynamics of filter-feeding orient a microbe normal to the surface to which it attaches. Finally, we combine these results with new observations of veil formation and a review of veil dynamics to compare the collective dynamics of these microbes. We conclude that this convergent evolution is a reflection of similar physical limitations imposed by diffusion and viscosity acting on individual cells

Impact de la variabilité des caractéristiques temporelles des cellules combinatoires et séquentielles sur un opérateur numérique

National audienceL'un des principaux intérêts de la diminution des dimensions du transistor est l'augmentation du rendement. Mais aujourd'hui, avec les technologies nanométriques, cette réduction s'accompagne d'un impact croissant des variations du processus de fabrication sur les circuits, pouvant dès lors faire chuter ce même rendement avec des spécifications non tenues. Au niveau temporel, on peut ramener ces effets à une probabilité plus élevée de violations des temps de maintien et d'établissement sur les bascules. Comme principale réponse face à ce problème, les marges de sécurité sont constamment augmentées, induisant un pessimisme excessif et ne permettant pas d'optimisation efficace. Cet article propose une méthodologie d'étude plus réaliste basée sur le concept d'analyse temporelle statique et statistique (SSTA) et de calcul de probabilités de violation. Les résultats obtenus sur un opérateur arithmétique en technologie 65 nm permettent de mettre en exergue les limitations des techniques actuelles, la nécessité d'adopter d'autres méthodes et le bénéfice de l'utilisation d'outils statistiques pour les technologies futures

Étude des violations de temps d'établissement et de maintien dues aux variations du processus de fabrication dans un opérateur arithmétique

National audienceLa réduction des dimensions des circuits intégrés a toujours été faite au bénéfice de meilleures performances. Mais aujourd'hui, cette réduction s'accompagne d'un impact croissant des variations du processus de fabrication. Au niveau temporel, on peut ramener ces effets à une probabilité plus élevée de violations des temps de maintien et d'établissement au niveau des bascules. Actuellement, comme principale réponse face à ce problème, les marges de sécurité sont augmentées. Cet article propose une méthodologie d'étude basée sur le concept d'analyse statistique temporelle (SSTA) et de calculs de probabilité de violation. Les résultats obtenus, provenant de son application sur un opérateur arithmétique en technologie 65 nm, permettent d'avoir des informations beaucoup plus précises que celles données par les outils existants, permettant dès lors de meilleures optimisations et une baisse du pessimisme introduit par l'utilisation de marges de conception

Biochar Extracts Can Modulate the Toxicity of Persistent Free Radicals in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

As an effective soil amendment, biochars require a comprehensive ecological evaluation before they can be widely used in agriculture because endogenous contaminants, such as environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), certainly pose an ecological risk to soil invertebrates. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism to investigate the neurotoxicity of two rice straw biochars pyrolyzed at 500 and 700 °C. After 24 h exposure to unwashed biochar, washed biochar, and leaching fluids (supernatants), the neurobehavioral parameters of C. elegans were determined in a liquid toxicity test. The results showed that the washed 700 °C biochar particles significantly impaired locomotion and prolonged the defecation interval at a biochar concentration of 4 g·well−1, while the unwashed biochar and supernatants caused no apparent impairment. Supporting this, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed that the intensity of EPFRs in unwashed 700 °C biochar was stronger than that of the corresponding washed particles. This indicates that, in the liquid test, the EPR signal alone is not indicative of particle toxicity. The accessibility and activity of the EPFRs should be considered. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was observed in the leaching fluids. The neurotoxic activity of the washed biochar was alleviated after the re-addition of leaching fluids to the washed biochar, suggesting that the dissolved organic materials modulate the reactivity of the EPFRs in the liquid phase. This study suggests that the leaching process may increase the risk of biochar when used in the field environment.National Natural Scientific Foundation of ChinaYunnan Province Basic Research ProjectNSFC-NCNPeer Reviewe